Implementing MBO System in a Burger King Franchise Essay

Executing MBO System in a Burger King Franchise - Essay Example The Burger King establishment in Maine has one proprietor, with four lasting staff and 28 low maintenance workers. The four perpetual staff individuals are right hand administrators, two of who are in the kitchen and two who are on the floor. Representatives work in two moves, each move has a kitchen and a story supervisor with fourteen low maintenance workers as cooks and servers. Staff turnover is as much as 7 every year and might be added to working hours as well as work conditions. When taking a gander at the salary proclamation unmistakably benefit is legitimately connected to deals, short liabilities. Presently right off the bat taking a gander at deals and thinking about this is a cheap food business, we know for certain the benefit will rely upon the measure of deals, and to sell we need clients. This the main key business objective must be consumer loyalty. Considering our client, we have to discover what will fulfill their requirements and make them return for additional, and being in the cheap food business with a drive through, we realize that speed of food conveyance is significant. Next clients like to have a decision and as Burger Kings vital proclamation suggests Have it your way, it is imperative to provide food for client's decision. Moreover clients consistently value a warm and amicable assistance from staff, which is one explanation they will return. So our first objective of guaranteeing consumer loyalty could be acknowledged by targets, for e xample, diminished turnaround time, offering the client a wide verity of food, conveyed in a warm and amicable way. Consumer loyalty would then be able to be estimated by the maintenance and ideally increment of clients base before the finish of 2006, against past information. Next we have to take a gander at liabilities which additionally sway the overall revenue of the business. Liabilities are costs that are paid out of the total compensation of the business and on the off chance that it very well may be diminished, the overall revenue will be expanded as needs be. It should likewise be understood that costs, for example, publicizing and advancement whenever executed effectively, whenever expanded could bring about an expansion in deals. Food cost including bundling, is the stock that must be purchased and kept up to guarantee the capacity of the business to convey an item to its clients persistently. Is it conceivable to diminish these costs Yes, by taking a gander at elective less expensive bundling costs could be decreased. At that point how much wastage happens during planning of the food, or during incorrectly arranges. Just by removing wastage and through better food requesting and planning forms food cost could be decreased by at any rate 5 percent. Improving these procedures may likewise lessen the measure of staff that are required presently and could bring about diminishing staff, thusly decreasing pay costs. Our second key objective is this to lessen costs, and this we can accomplish by setting a moderate objective of diminishing costs by at

A Teacher's Expectations of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Teacher's Expectations of Students - Essay Example This is so every understudy in a school will have objectives that they ought to acquire in their learning every year. Without rules written in stone went down from the state divisions of training, there would be no guide of heading for instructors to follow. At the point when desires are created, regardless of whether valid or not as a general rule, it tends to be seen as being valid. On the off chance that these desires are met, understudies experience a self-satisfaction prediction (Stipek). In a normal homeroom, understudies on the main day of school won't just get familiar with the name of their educator, yet they will be given a fundamental thought of what their study hall rules will be consistently or semester. Circumstances may emerge and understudies may test their instructors persistence with conduct yet as long as rules for discipline are unchangeable and each understudy is dealt with decently, the understudies will figure out how to regard the implied desires for the educa tor. An instructor must enter their study hall that first day with a mapped out arrangement. With more seasoned understudies, an educator may convey a prospectus that depicts the desires and destinations of the class. In any case, with more youthful understudies, giving them a worked out organization like a prospectus may not be as helpful in light of the fact that they will be unable to understand it yet on the off chance that they are youthful or might not be able to decipher it all around ok to cause it to concern them by and by. At the point when an instructor anticipates a ton from their understudies, the person in question can push them to learn. Through an educator's own obsession for learning and instructing, the individual in question can ingrain that equivalent crash into the understudies' psyches. When seeing understudies in grades fourth through 6th grades, this is a difficult time to get the understudies to turn out to be increasingly autonomous with their examinations. They will discover that they are accountable for finishing their own assignments. It is likewise an essential time when harder schoolwork begins streaming in and the understudies start to understand the significance of stepping up to the plate and complete their assignments on schedule. In these evaluation levels, it is additionally still when it isn't unexpected to remunerate understudies for greatness by offering knickknacks or different honors for a vocation all around done. Understudies react well to uplifting feedback. While they are not yet youthful grown-ups and are not as yet little youngsters, this time of understudies are in a transitional period. In the event that an educator compensates an understudy for an ideal score on a spelling quiz, it is clear that the person is urging the understudies to drive themselves to likewise get impeccable scores. This would then be able to impact their scholastic accomplishments and improve their evaluations. This additionally gives the m motivator to improve grade next time. Once in a while instructors give their understudies materials that go past what different understudies their age are doing. In the event that a fourth grader is given an eighth grade level book to peruse and compose a report on, it is satisfying in light of the fact that they are working with further developed materials. This builds their dominance and profitability by presenting them to educational plan that is past customary accomplishment. Why go after the mists in the event that you can contact the stars? In the event that you dream it, you can become it. These are the two explanations that propose going after better standards. Understudies will accomplish more in the event that they are pushed to their limits and past. All the while, understudies will become more brilliant and increasingly savvy when presented to educational plan that is over their evaluation level. A few desires that would decidedly impact an understudy's accomplishments would be to

Why Micromax Phones Can Capture Indian Mobile Market

Why Micromax Phones Can Capture Indian Mobile Market Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Reasons For Micromax Phones To Capture Indian Mobile MarketUpdated On 10/03/2015Author : Ram kumarTopic : TechnologyShort URL : http://hbb.me/1HIjTl2 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogMobile phone has immense significance in today’s era. Every individual carries a mobile phone a long-with and many among them likes to change them after a usage of every 6 months. The craze of changing mobile phones is a fashion and all the individuals keep themselves updated with the latest technology. Micromax is a rising name in mobile market that has seen massive progress in a small unit of time. The phones are compatible with the latest technology and they have got all the vital features are available in all the upcoming phones of Micromax.People like to buy these phones because they are stylish, fancy, feature filled, durable and most of it, these are economical. Let’s take a l ook at the reasons for widespread acceptance of Micromax mobile phones:Latest TechnologyYou can take an example of any of the available sets of Micromax; they all are made up of latest technology. According to the prices of the mobiles, there are immense features that are available in the cell. All the mobile phones of Micromax are made up of latest technology and houses brilliant features. Latest software is available in all the mobile phones of Micromax.EconomicalAs you compare the price of mobile phones with the technology that is offered, you will feel that the prices are quite less. Maybe because it is an Indian brand and no export cost is implied that is why it is relatively cheaper than other brands. Micromax brand is quite pocket-friendly and it can be easily affordable. You can buy the fanciest mobile with brilliant features in price lesser than 10K. As there are number of variants that are coming up in the market, you have a lot of options to check out.READHow to Create Yo ur Video Studio for YouTubeEasy availability of Customer Care OfficesAs more and more Chinese brands are making an arrival in Indian Mobile market, people avoid buying them due to unavailability of customer care offices. Technology today has huge level of flaws and you can encounter any kind of errors in mobile technology that you are using. To get them repaired, you need a customer care service station. Micromax is investing a lot in opening its customer care stations in every corner of India.StyleLooks of the mobile phone that you are using matters a lot in today’s times. People spend thousands of bucks just to satisfy their fashion lust. Micromax phones are not only easy to use and innovative technology but they are also stylish Smartphone. Some of the finest looking phones are owned by the brand, that too on very economical prices.Best Customer SupportEvery mobile technology has a room for some errors and it is just not possible to reach service centers for every error to get resolved. Micromax has got best customer support as you can repair the minor errors of your mobile, just by calling at their customer support service. You can call at customer care in any hour of the day and get your problem solved.Discount OffersIf you are looking for Micromax mobile phone many online website are available like Flipkart, Amazon, Infibeam, eBay and more that also provide exclusive discount coupon for these products so to get the discount use Amazon, Flipkart or Infibeam coupons an save the money while shopping online.These are the major pros of Micromax phones that make them worth buying.

Briefly Outline the Distinctive Features of the...

Sociology is the systematic, sceptical and critical study of the way that people do things together .It’s not a science that simply lists facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness, a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the world. It welcomes you to challenge the obvious, to question the world as it is taken for granted and to de-familiarising the familiar. This is what empowers critical thinking which triggers the development of the understanding of the human life. The aim of this essay is to outline the sociological approach to understanding human life , to explore the different sociological perspectives , to question the reliability of the different forms of research and to emphasise the key†¦show more content†¦He felt that â€Å"The sociological imagination â€Å" was a way of understanding that social outcomes are shaped by social context. He claims that some things in society lead to certain outcomes. â€Å"when a s ociety becomes industrialised , a peasant becomes a worker . â€Å" Therefore the things we do are shaped by the situation we are in, the values we have. I believe that all three approaches differ but where they all overlap is in their belief that a person must be able to pull away from the situation and to think from an alternative point of view. To acquire real knowledge is to go against the status quo. 1. ‘The first wisdom of sociology is this: things are not what they seem (sociology global intro p.5) 2. C.Wright Mills.1959. ‘The promise’ in The Sociological Imagination New York: 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Wright_Mills 4. Macionis, 5th edition , chapter 1 5. Berger, Peter Invitation to sociology . New York , 1963 With regards to perspectives in understanding human life there are two which are prominent. The first is the functional perspective, this recognises that our lives are guided by social structures. It therefore organises sociological observation by identifying various structures of society and investigating the function of each one. This is a building block for theories that see society as a complex system whose parts work

Separate Pasts is a novel that has won many awards that...

Separate Pasts is a novel that has won many awards that takes a look into America in the 1950s. The 1950s is a well-known time for racism in America. McLaurin explores the relationships he had with his white peers as well as his African American peers during his upbringing in the small, one mile long southern town in Wade, North Carolina. The theme of relationships between whites and blacks appears throughout the book. The relationships talked about are not only between McLaurin and his peers, but also between his grandfather and the citizens of the town. These relationships talked about throughout the book prove that the town of Wade, and the south in general, was in a segregated state based on race and social economic status. One of†¦show more content†¦McLaurin was okay being friends with boys of color, but when it came to having a deep relationship with Bobo it was too much. This shows a small example of the segregation in the small town, and it also shows the beginning of McLaurin’s changing views on racism and African American people. It also shows that the children in Wade were beginning to see what they thought were differences between blacks and whites and the beginning of believing that whites were superior, but they could not exactly isolate the exact reasoning behind those beliefs. But because their parents, or grandparents believed them, they were instilled in the children and they began to have the same beliefs. As the books carries on, McLaurin experiences more relationships that shows the segregation in the town. Today, interracial relationships are basically considered normal, although there are a few exceptions, but for the most part they are a normal occurrence and accepted by everyone. In the 1950s however, it was very frowned upon. The view interracial relationships in the book are a good example of the segregation in the town. The book says interracial relationships were talked about â€Å"sometimes humorously, sometimes w ith fear, sometimes with loathing† (66). This statement is very telling and shows that white males interrelating with black females or vice versa was something the town did not want happening. Interracial sexualShow MoreRelatedOn Mother-Daughter Relationship in the Women Warrior6552 Words   |  27 PagesThe Woman Warrior 1 Brief introduction of Chinese-American literature in United States(the special focus on mother-daughter relationship in the Chinese-American women writings) From the nineteenth century, Chinese-American literature has been discriminated by the American literature canon. Most early Chinese American works tended to cater for the taste of the white readership. 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Korean Wave And Its Effect On The Korean Culture - 996 Words

Introduction The Korean Wave also known as Hallyu first appeared during the mid 1990’s. Korean Wave simply means the rising of popularity of the Korean culture (Lee, 2011). This Korean Wave was an example of a ripple effect meaning it is continuing to spread. K-Pop is an abbreviation of Korean pop, which has different music genres incorporated into one. K-pop includes hip-hop, electronic, rock and R’n’B music that has originated from South Korea. Korean pop music began to gain its popularity among teenagers and young adults throughout Asia. K- Pop and TV dramas have impacted the Korean Wave in different ways. K-Pop K-Pop first gained popularity in East Asia. Social media such as youtube and Facebook have made K-pop more accessible to us in the United Stated and other countries. Music video are also in high quality production and sometimes include different versions such as dance, movie and sometimes also come in different languages for their large audiences. K-pop quickly became popular as one of South Koreas largest industries and exports. K- pop is also known for there in sync dance routines and their fashionable outfits. K-pop artist have become in fact role models and idols to teenagers. The female celebrities is shown as a representation the ideal way a female should look physically. K-pop celebrities are very influential to the general public. Female K-pop idols share common physical traits fair skin, large eyes, small face, slender nose and thinShow MoreRelatedEssay on Academic vs Mainstream Writing877 Words   |  4 Pagesscholarly and popular writing by comparing the acad emic articles by Jamie Shinhee Lee â€Å"Linguistic hybridization in K-Pop: discourse of self-assertion and resistance†, the article by Sue Jin Lee â€Å"The Korean Wave: The Seoul of Asian† and the popular article by Lara Farrar for CNN ‘Korean Wave’ of pop culture sweeps across Asia. 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Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Sample free essay sample

The Keystone XL Pipeline system is used for transporting oil from the Athabasca oil littorals in Alberta Canada to the United States. There are four different stages of this grapevine. Phases one and two are already complete. The first stage of the grapevine starts at the Keystone Hardisty Terminal in Canada and Michigans at Wood River and Patoka. Illinois. and so phase two starts in Steele City. Nebraska and stretches down to Cushing. Oklahoma. The completed grapevine is over 2000 stat mis long. Then you have phase three that would transport the oil to Nederland. Texas and Houston. Texas. Phase four is would get down in Alberta. Canada and run through Montana and South Dakota and articulation with the bing grapevine in Steele City. Nebraska ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . The oil will be transported to oil refineries located in Illinois. Oklahoma and The Gulf Coast of Texas. There are two current grapevines coming from Alberta. We will write a custom essay sample on Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Canada to the United States. Keystone stage one was wholly built in 2010 and set in approximately 1900 mile grapevine from Hardisty. Alberta. Canada to America’s Midwest and is linking about 35 100 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours to Illinois. Keystone phase two was built in 2011 added 300 stat mis to Oklahoma increasing to 590. 000 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours. TransCanada is already looking into the hereafter with Keystone stage three trusting to be built off the Gulf Coast increasing to 1. 1 million barrels of oil per twenty-four hours. Like all other grapevines. the undertaking must procure licenses. land rights and other commercial contracts in the United States and Canada to continue. The oil brought into the United States from the Athabasca oil littorals is bitumen and demands to be exhaustively cleaned. which means firing it at a high temperature. and this will take to air pollution and higher nursery emanations. Environmental organisations have been buttonholing against the grapevine due to the possible negative impact it can hold on air. H2O and wildlife. President Obama postponed any determination until 2013 ( Confronting Keystone Again ) . The 4th stage of the grapevine has many different proposed waies as one way has the grapevine traveling through the Ogallala aquifer ( Environmental Impact Of The Keystone XL Project ) . An oil spill in that country could pollute the full H2O reservoir. It is said that Canadian and American people can non hold on the same thing. but the Keystone XL Pipeline Project has made that statement incorrect. As of today some Americans and Canadians have to the full committed to the building of the Pipeline from Hardisty. Alberta to Steele City. Nebraska. Although both sides of the lodger agree to the fullest on the grapevine ; the president of the United States of America does non hold. TransCanada who is the lead manufacturer of the grapevine has applied for a Presidential Permit. which is required as the grapevine will traverse the Canada/U. S. boundary line. in the yesteryear which in 2010 was passed as the same in 2011. but now in 2012 it has been declined. TransCanada has re-applied on M ay 4th 2012 and is expecting blessing within the first one-fourth of 2013 ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Those who are in support of this grapevine have many grounds they have come up with to demo why everyone else should besides back up this grapevine. Today. about half of the oil used in The United States is imported for foreign states and will increase as we use up domestic resources. Reducing our dependence foreign oil would assist excite the economic system. cut down of all time increasing oil monetary values and our duty in the Middle East would be lessened. Although lessen America’s dependance on foreign oil is impossible unless everyone uses less and seeks other signifiers of renewable resources. The undertaking will make 20. 000 high pay occupations and 118. 000 spin off occupations from the building. I do hold that we need more occupations and building is one manner to make more occupations. but there are other things that could be built that will non merely make building occupations. but besides occupations inside the construction once it is built. Independent surveies find during the life span of the grapevine it will lend $ 5. 2 billion in belongings revenue enhancements to communities along the path. Grapevines are the safest methods for the transit of crude oil merchandises compared to other methods. Harmonizing to The International Tanker Owners Pollution the figure of spills during the 2000‘s have decreased dramatically to 3. 7 % . TransCanada would be responsible to protect human wellness and the environment ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Oil spills are more common than TransCanada wants to demo. That oil spill has cost BP tonss and tonss of money and so the consequence to the ecosystem is atrocious ( Environmental Impact Of The Keystone XL Project ) . In Michigan in 2010 about one million gallons of oil was spilled into the Kalamazoo River by Enbridge. and will be around 800 million dollars to clean up. The company besides knew prior to the Kalamazoo River catastrophe that the subdivision of grapevine was dama ged. Enbridge was besides connected to an oil spill in Wisconsin of 1000 barrels ( Hall. Jim ) . The grapevines will hold to inspected and maintained to guarantee there is no oil spill in the Midwest. I can merely conceive of the sum of harm done if an oil spill hit in Nebraska or Kansas merely earlier harvest clip. TransCanada has already run this grapevine through the Dakotas. Nebraska. Missouri. Illinois. and Oklahoma. TransCanada proctors and controls our grapevine systems from a computerized control centre that is staffed 24 hours a twenty-four hours. If an oil spill were to happen. TransCanada is able to close down the grapevine and insulate the affected pipe subdivision from service within proceedingss ( Keystone XL Pipeline Project ) . Oil spills make one of the biggest musss and can kill an full ecosystem ( EPA Objects To Keystone Pipeline Expansion ) . We saw what happened in the H2O with the oil spill in the gulf seashore. and now we are speaking about it on land. What will go on if the oil lines interruption and destroy harvests and citizens dreams? It is clip to hal t the Keystone Pipeline XL Project before oil covers the heartland.

The Tenets of a Successful Advertising Campaign Understanding the Role of Good Ideas Creative Minds

Introduction Today, more than ever before, academics and practitioners are coming to terms with the increasingly complex nature of marketing and advertising brought about by media fragmentation and varied viewing and purchasing habits across consumer groups (Soberman, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tenets of a Successful Advertising Campaign: Understanding the Role of Good Ideas Creative Minds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, according to this author, media fragmentation has made it extremely hard to cost-effectively inform a mass audience about one’s products and services, not mentioning that consumers now have increasingly varied habits with regard to media. This view is reinforced by Hackley Kitchen (1999), who note that advertising and other forms of promotional activity have flourished to such a level that they may be viewed as constituting a form of social pollution, particularl y in the developed world. According to these authors, not only are marketing initiatives and advertising campaigns delivered in unparalleled quantities, but their tone is becoming increasingly complex to classify in the Postmodern Marketing era. The fundamental question that arises is how firms can manage their marketing and advertising to guarantee that these activities are not lost in the ocean of messages and noise that confronts the contemporary consumer. This question demands a careful analysis of the tenets of successful advertising, alongside a critical evaluation of the paradigm shifts that have been witnessed in this critical area as organizations align themselves to become more competitive. It is against this background that the present paper aims to critically evaluate the claim that ‘a good idea and a good creative department are all that are needed for a successful advertising campaign.’ The Old and the New: Toward a Paradigm Shift in Advertising Effectiven ess Earlier advertising studies focused on the central role played by the advertising message and the importance of the executional strategy adopted by marketers and practitioners. To achieve advertising effectiveness, therefore, earlier framers of advertising theory suggested that there is a particular order in which the targeted audience respond to advertisements (Aitken et al, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The argument projected by these theorists opinionated that advertisements must be developed to achieve particular responses from the intended audience according to the nature of the communications and marketing objectives preferred by the advertisers. It was assumed that for advertisements to achieve success in influencing consumer behaviour, they must have the capacity to lead the intended audience through a sequence of reception stages described as cognitive, affecti ve and conative, and which were perceived as â€Å"†¦essentially, and in some cases, entirely, hierarchical in nature† (Aitken et al, 2008 p. 280). This view has also been well documented by Shankar (1999). As noted by Aitken et al (2008), this line of thinking brought forth the information-processing model, which puts much focus on the advertisement message, the executional strategy and the significance to the targeted audience of the brands, products and services featured in the advertisement. The basic assumption of most of the linear sequential models of advertising, such as the information-processing model, is that if the message is unambiguous and it is conveyed effectively, it will be construed effectively by the targeted audience. It therefore follows that the role of the targeted audience in this arrangement is intrinsically dependent on explicit individual needs and particular responses to the advertisement (Aitken et al, 2008). These models also â€Å"†¦ rely on the assumption that an increase in awareness, for example, will predict purchasing behaviour and hence, sales, an assumption derived from the sequential, self-fulfilling nature of the theories† (Shankar, 1999 p. 2). However, as noted by Aitken et al (2008), these models are no longer tenable under the present market conditions as they view advertising as a process that is deliberate, conscious and, presumably, predictable while ignoring the obvious fact that meaning has to be negotiated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tenets of a Successful Advertising Campaign: Understanding the Role of Good Ideas Creative Minds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the centrality of ‘meaning’ in advertising has triggered an upsurge of meaning-based models of advertising as witnessed in Mick Buhl (1992) works on developing a meaning-based model of advertising. The linear sequential models of advertising also draw substantial criticism from the fact that they negate the role of the receiver (targeted audience) in the communication process; that is, they view advertising as doing things to people rather than people doing things with advertising (Shankar, 1999). In his study on ‘consumer initial processing in a difficult media environment’, Webb (1979) observed that studies on the response of consumers to television advertising traditionally concentrated deeply â€Å"†¦on characteristics of the message itself and of the message audience, but much less on the situational aspects of the message environment† (p. 225). Due to the inadequacies of such advertisements, however, modern studies have demonstrated a mounting concern that the environment in which an advertisement is aired may be as important in the determining the response levels of the targeted audience to the advertisement as message or audience characteristics. While the traditional hierar chical models of communication had the advantage of having the capacity to measure quantifiable intermediate variables with maximum logic and minimum ambiguity, it was obvious that the interests of consumers were not being put into consideration (Shankar, 1999). Towards the shift from emphasizing the advertising message and executional strategy to a focus on the intended audience, Aitken et al (2008) highlight the reader-response theory, which â€Å"†¦questions whether the meaning of an advertisement can be understood outside the interaction between that text (words and other images) and the individual† (p. 281). As observed by Stern (1996b), this theory seeks to move away from the primacy traditionally accorded to formal analysis of textual properties and elements toward a more integrated and holistic approach of the interaction process that puts much focus on the targeted audience rather than the advertising message and/or executional strategy to coincide with mounting interest in consumer culture theory, brand communities, and the novel service dominant logic of marketing.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This shift in advertising is effective for two important reasons. First, it locates the targeted audience at the core of the communication process rather than at the periphery as a receiver who is only dependent on the advertising message and the executional strategy (Aitken et al, 2008). Indeed, Mick Buhl (1992) posit that â€Å"†¦contemporary advertising is conceived of not as an occasional conduit of product information but rather as an omnipresent communication arena in which human reality is mediated† (p. 317). Aitken et al (2008) further note that it is not wrong for advertising firms to direct attention to concepts such as consumer involvement, motivation and intentionality; however, this line of thought should not cast the intended audience as ‘receivers’ of advertising information but as the fundamental actors in the communication process who co-create value, meaning and relationships to generate an enabling environment in which successful advertis ing campaign can occur. The second reason why this paradigm shift to a more audience-centred approach in advertising is effective is that â€Å"†¦it stresses the interactive nature of the communication process and fundamentally takes issue with the notion that meaning can exist in an advertisement independent of the viewer or the reader† (Aitken et al, 2008 p. 281). Hirschman Thompson (1997) are categorical that consumers often process advertisements for implied meanings and do not necessary view advertisements as important sources of information. Stern (1996) observes that the popular view held by many advertisers that an advertising message can have a fixed meaning is impossible. According to the advocates of deconstructive theory, there exists no possibility for advertisements to employ self-enclosed language that presumes an agreed-upon meaning. This implies that the act of ‘reading’ and responding to an advertisement should never be simply viewed as a process of deciphering the clues to ascertain the preferred meaning contained in the advertisement message; rather, it should be acknowledged as a proactive engagement with both formal and the informal components of the advertisement and with the genus of advertising to generate a negotiated understanding. More fundamentally, the perspective of targeted audience as active participants in and trendsetters of the communication process delinks itself from the popular view within behavioural psychology that underlines the importance of classical conditioning as an illustrative framework for human behaviour, and instead project the view that understanding, knowledge and behaviour are the outcome of negotiations between the targeted audience and the advertiser (Aitken et al, 2008). Consecutive research studies, according to these authors, have demonstrated that responses to advertisements demonstrated by the targeted audience are also ingeniously conditioned by culture, context and experi ence. Indeed, Lannon and Cooper (1983) cited in Shankar (1999) argued for the adoption of a ‘holistic cultural approach’ to advertising; that is, the creation of advertising should take into consideration the symbolic meanings that individuals attach to products, the language individuals use to describe their experiences of brands, and the social implication of product usage or non-usage. In developing the theoretical foundations for their study on advertising experiences, Mick Buhl (1992) adopted the symbolic and interpretive interactionism and existential phenomenology to project the assertion that each individual perceives the world differentially to a considerable degree, and that human experiences should be studied and assessed as they are subjectively lived and experienced. These assertions underscore the importance for practitioners and marketers to develop and evaluate advertisement campaigns through the lens of the consumers. In other words, the targeted audie nce must exercise substantially more independence in determining the response to a particular advertisement for it to be considered successful (Aitken et al, 2008). Hackley (1999) views the symbolic and interpretive nature of consumers from a social constructionist perspective, which takes consumers of advertising messages as the locus for a sequence of social engagements that together constitute unique individual identities, but which are dependent on the social context of being. This view also receives support from Hackley Kitchen (1999), who argue that â€Å"†¦the source of ideas is the self and the subjectivity of experience leaves us alone in the universe to construct meanings through our interpretations of our own sense experience† (p. 18). Successful advertising campaigns, according to Hackley (1999), should never perceive consumers as introverted subjects, without desires or identities, and who only reacts to advertisements through linear phases or limited persu asion trajectories for the principal purpose of judging. This assertion is reinforced by Shankar (1999), who observes that advertisers fail to capture the targeted audience in their advertising campaigns because they don’t include consumers in determining the meaning of the advertising message. The implication of this assertion is that the meaning of any advertising message should not originate wholly from the source of the message; rather, the desires and identities of the targeted audience must be considered for any advertising campaign to be successful. Hackley Kitchen (1999) introduce another dimension by suggesting that a successful advertising campaign should not be perceived as constituting a form of social pollution. In their research, these authors introduce an emergent perspective of â€Å"†¦Communications Leviathan, an entity of colossal size made up of a multiplicity of marketing communications messages and which may constitute a form of social pollution th rough the potentially damaging and unintended effects it may have on consumer decision making† (p. 15). These multiple marketing communications are not only intrusive to consumers, but the high level of exposure is perceived to contribute towards circumscribing their moral development. Kotler (1988) cited in Hackley Kitchen (1999) argued that consumers in the developed world may be exposed to an estimated 2000 advertising messages in a day. As a direct consequence of the high level exposure to these messages, consumers are increasingly facing demands on their decision making faculties which may ultimately have a damaging effect on their ability to make rational and morally coherent purchasing decisions. This view is consistent with Hackley (1999) assertion the advertising culture continues to be perceived as a metaphor for a general moral dilapidation in the post-modern era. The Interplay between Good Idea, Creativity Successful Advertising Lannon Cooper (1983) cited in Sha nkar (1999) observed that â€Å"†¦advertising operates more effectively at the symbolic, intuitive level of consciousness†¦To design such advertising and to check on its effectiveness in the marketplace requires methods for opening up the inner world of what consumers do to advertising† (p. 4). Since such symbolism cannot be evaluated quantitatively to determine the effectiveness of a particular advertising campaign, it requires that both advertising agencies and practitioners to have good ideas and be creative enough if they are to design advertising that is able to arouse the consumers’ symbolic, intuitive level of consciousness. Indeed, the attribute of having a good well-processed idea resonates well with the Post-modern theories of language, which underscores the importance of text production and how such text is used and situated within our cultural practices to generate meanings (Proctor et al, 2002). A good idea and creative minds on the part of adver tisers will certainly enable consumers to process advertisements for implied meanings (Hirschman Thompson, 1997). This paper has underscored the fact that the targeted audience in any advertising campaign should not be viewed as passive receivers but as active participants in the communication process. The meanings that any form of advertising is capable of eliciting are constructed in communication, not supplied as pre-packaged or predetermined reality in the content of advertising (Aitken et al, 2008). This perspective demands good ideas and a good creative department to be able to develop humanistic advertising capable of delivering qualities of openness, acceptance and critique, which facilitate creativity, innovation and new ways of thinking (Shankar, 1999). To design advertising that is able to catapult consumers’ interactive and interpretive processes demands creativity on the part of the advertisers rather than relying on quantitative benchmarks which only demonstrat e a biased approach to advertising effectiveness. Soberman (2005) posits that it is important for marketers and advertisers to collect valuable market information on the behaviour patterns and consumption habits of consumers if their advertising campaigns are to have an impact under the prevailing market conditions. According to this author, â€Å"†¦this information can be used to form groups of high potential buyers for targeted marketing efforts† (p. 421). But as noted by Shankar (1999), the collection of such valuable information requires creative and innovative ways of thinking due to its qualitative nature. Creative ways of advertising, such as the employment of targeted advertising, are indeed important if organizations are to substantially reduce their price competition (Soberman, 2005). Targeted advertising, however, cannot become a reality if firms fail to capitalize on the use of qualitative market information, thus the interplay between creativity and successf ul advertising campaigns. Consequently, an organization must find creative ways to target heavier advertising to consumers who are traditionally oriented towards buying their products as opposed to targeting advertising to consumers who are less oriented towards the organizations’ brand preferences. Webb’s (1979) research on the environmental influences of advertising demonstrated that advertising effectiveness significantly decreases with too many placements of a particular commercial or non-program material to be aired alongside prime-time programs. This finding runs against the popular view held by many advertising agencies, which suggests that buying time in higher clutter environments enhance the likelihood of receiving a good advertising position on television. An innovative and creative department is all that is needed to dissect the fact that buying commercial time in high clutter environments only increases the probability of receiving a poor position (Webb, 1 979). It requires a good idea and creative minds to be able to deconstruct words and imply meanings that would appeal to the targeted audience for any advertising campaign to be successful. Stern (1996a) observes that â€Å"†¦paradox is rooted in the multiple and contradictory meanings of words† (p. 137). A creative advertising department would, according to this particular author, untangle moments in a text that demonstrate a space between what is articulated by the advertiser in an advertisement (the signifier) and what is actually mentally construed by the target audience (the signified). The postmodern insights of deconstruction, according to Stern (1996b), have assisted to redefine textual meaning as open to continual changes. Proctor et al (2002) argue that many advertisements fail to achieve a sustainable level of effectiveness because the meaning of words and the structure are not easily discernable. Consequently, a good idea and creativity are fundamentally impo rtant for advertisers if they are to design advertisements using words which the target audience can readily identify with, particularly after the realization through research that the text used in advertising is treated as unfixed, unstable, and undefined, ultimately incapable of accounting for its usage because the perceptions of stability, immovability, and duration are too lax and open to every significant investiture (Stern, 1996a). There exists a popular saying that ‘creativity is the mother of all innovations.’ It therefore require a good idea and creative minds to design advertisements that will infer causal relations from temporal and fixed juxtapositions of advertising images, thereby assisting consumers to make the ideas contained in the advertisement meaningful through reference to the consumers’ sense experience (Hackley Kitchen, 1999). This way, the huge quantities of advertisements and other promotional activities exposed to consumers on a daily b asis will cease to be perceived as a source of social pollution because consumers will start to view advertising as meaningful to their own buying behaviours. Indeed, a good idea and creativity may provide the foundation for the development of the ethical facet of advertising management based on a sounder understanding of the possible damaging effects that unregulated marketing communications is bound to have on the intended audience. Hackley (1999) is of the opinion that understanding something of the complexity of human meaning rather than assuming a hierarchical approach to advertising messages might provide useful insights which could be used by advertisers and consumers to inform ethical judgments. Such an understanding, it is believed, can only add value to advertising campaigns by assisting consumers to understand the meaning behind each advertising campaign. Conclusion This evaluation has effectively brought into the limelight the tenets that differentiate successful adverti sing campaigns from unsuccessful ones. The critical role played by a sound idea and creative minds in creating successful marketing campaigns have been well documented. The central role of consumers in developing advertising strategies has also been well established. One particularly important facet that has been emphasized by a number of researchers is the fact that people should not be perceived as passive receivers of advertising information but as fundamental actors in the communication process who have the capacity to co-create value, meaning and relationships with the view to generate an enabling environment in which successful advertising can take place. Overall, the tenets of successful marketing campaign discussed in this paper can be used to develop what Kliatchko (2008) refers to as integrated marketing communications, which is basically â€Å"†¦the concept and process of strategically managing audience-focused, channel-centred, and results-driven brand communicatio n programs over time† (p. 140). Of importance, however, is the finding that a good idea and creative minds are central pillars through which the tenets of successful advertising campaign can flourish. List of References Aitken, R., Gray, B., Lawson, R (2008). Advertising Effectiveness from a Consumer Perspective. International Journal of Advertising, 27 (2), pp. 279-297. Hackley, C (1999). The Meanings of Ethics in and of Advertising. Business Ethics: A European Review, 8 (1), pp. 37-42. Hackley, C.E., Kitchen, P.J (1999). Ethical Perspectives on the Postmodern Communications Leviathan. Journal of Business Ethics, 20 (1), pp. 15-26. Hirschman, E.C., Thompson, C.J (1997). Why Media Matter: Toward a Richer Understanding of Consumers’ Relationships with Advertising and Mass Media. Journal of Advertising, 26 (1), pp. 43-60. Kliatchko, J.G (2008). Revisiting the IMC Construct. International Journal of Advertising, 27 (1), pp. 133-160. Mick, D.G., Buhl, C (1992). A Meanin g-based Model of Advertising Experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 19 (3), pp. 317-338. Proctor, S., Proctor, T., Papasolomou-Doukakis, I (2002). A Post-Modern Perspective on Advertisements and their Analysis. Journal of Marketing Communications, 8 (1), pp. 31-44. Shankar, A (1999). Advertising’s Imbroglio. Journal of Marketing Communications, 5 (1), pp. 1-15. Soberman, D (2005). The complexity of Media Planning Today. Journal of Brand Management, 12 (6), pp. 420-429. Stern, B.B (1996a). Deconstructive Strategy and Consumer Research: Concepts and Illustrative Exemplar. Journal of Consumer Research, 23 (2), pp. 136-147. Stern, B.B (1996b). Textual Analysis in Advertising Research: Construction and Deconstruction of Meanings. Journal of Advertising, 25 (3), pp. 61-73. Webb, P.H (1979). Consumer Initial Processing in a Difficult Media Environment. Journal of Consumer Research, 6 (3), pp. 225-236. This essay on The Tenets of a Successful Advertising Campaign: Understanding the Role of Good Ideas Creative Minds was written and submitted by user Lilia Ramos to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The railroad in the United States Essay Example

The railroad in the United States Essay Example The railroad in the United States Essay The railroad in the United States Essay In the simplest manner: the railroad changed the face of a nation. The railroad in the United States changed how people traveled, did business, and how Washington governed people. The railroad created new standards and new laws that still affect the way we live today. It helped create a new type of wealth that had never been seen before and became the first big business in the United States. Without the railroads impact, it would be difficult to fathom where the United States and the world would be today.The golden age of the railroad is considered to be by many the period that stretched between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the First World War.1 Railroading from 1865 to 1929 covers the great expansion, the golden age and the beginning decline of the railroad. The emergence of the modern America, and the beginning of the Great Depression of the United States also can be seen within these dates; this emphasizes the large role that the railroads had in the industrializa tion of the America. It is clear that the history of the United States coincides with the history of the railroad; during these times the railroad played a vital a vital role in thebuilding of the United States. But, the relationship was symbiotic, because it is also possible to see that the direction in which the country was going played a role in how the railroad was formed, controlled, and regulated. Truly, the railroad is a form of transportation that helped make the United States what it is today.The year 1865 finally brought an end to war that had sliced a nation in half. The war, however, was not a destructive force to the railroads. With the exception of the southern lines, American railroads were generally in excellent shape in 1865.2 The Civil War brought new strength to the American railroads. The need to provide for the war had caused the railroads of the United States to expand by as much as 35,500 miles at the end of the war.3 The War had brought new strength to the ra ilroads and the railroads were now standing before their golden age. This golden age began with a big bang: the completion of the transcontinental railway.The story of the transcontinental railway could very well be suited for a Hollywood movie. It involves corruption, greed, great visions, and great strength. Public demand for a transcontinental railway was originally inspired by a proposal made in 1836 by the American statesmen John Plumbe and Robert John Walker.4 The demand for therailway was later increased with the arrival of the gold rush in 1849. In 1861, the Pacific Railway Bill was passed, this bill called for the building of the transcontinental line to be done by two companies, Union Pacific Company and the Central Pacific Company. The job of the Union Pacific Company was to build west from Omaha, while the job of the Central Pacific Company was to build east from Sacramento5. The bill also called for the companies to receive a right-of-way strip for their line (and whate ver they needed for rail yards, sidings, and other facilities), as well as five alternate land sections on each side of the track.6 The companies were also offered loans that went from $16,000 per mile of track in the lowlands to as much as $48,000 a mile in the mountainous regions.7The Union Pacific got of to slow start until they acquired a good engineer by thename of General Dodge, who was one of Shermans Civil War railroad men. UnderGeneral Dodges direction the work on the Union Pacific soon took on a furious pace and a military atmosphere; military preparedness and quickness were exactly what was needed to deal with the hostile Indians.Life on the Central Pacific was by no means pleasant, but they did not have much a problem with the Indians.8 However, one thing that was a problem on the Central Pacific was the lack of labor. California, being largely uninhabited at the time, did not provide a large labor resource; and so the managers of the Central Pacific had to look elsewher e for their labor needs. One of the places they looked for new labor was China. The Chinese turned out to be well suited for the job, and at one point nine-tenths of the labor force of the Central Pacific was Chinese.Eventually the two the companies came within sight of each other, and a meeting place for the two rails was designated. The meeting place chosen was a waterless basin of sagebrush just north of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. This place was called Promontory Point. It was decided that the two companies would meet and there would be a greatceremony to connect the railways. The ceremony was planned, and all of the railroad officials and dignitaries came to drive in the final spike. On May 10, 1869, this event finally took place. The driving in of the final spike came with a little embarrassment: First, one of the leaders of Central Pacific went up to drive in the golden spike and missed; next, the leader of the Union Pacific stepped up to drive in the golden spike and he too missed.9 Eventually, the final spike was driven in: though it is not clear who actually did it. Despite all this, the nation celebrated for the Atlantic coast and the Pacific coast had at last become connected by rail; and the railroad now stood on threshold of its golden age.The years following the completion of the transcontinental line brought an abundance of new railways. The rail network in the United States went from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 164,000 miles in 1890. This building was brought to an all-time high, when in 1916 the total length of the rail network in the United States reached 254,000 miles.10With such a rapid pace of construction, the building in the half-century after the Civil War led to an average annual construction, of over 4,000 miles a year. Even though this rapid construction was not equally spread throughout the country, every area did see some expansion.The transcontinental rail also led to great expansion in the West. The transcontinental railway, and th e railways following, brought eastern markets within a few days of western grain and cattle lands, and eventually helped create great cities in the West itself.11 The new railways of the West also brought about the virtual extermination of the buffalo. The new rails cut the herds in half and destroyed their natural habitat. It also became a game for people heading west on the railway to shoot the animal from their train window.12Now that the railroad spanned across the continent, the railroad was becoming a major player in the expansion of industry. The industry of the United States was rapidly expanding, and the railroad was becoming more than just a small factor in a great group of expanding industries. Railroads encouraged growth not only through the offering of their transport services, but also through the transportation need, of other industries. Railroads were not only the biggest shippers of industrial products; they were also American industrys best customers.13 The railroa ds became a huge buyer of steel, coal, lumber, and oil. To say that the railroad was an important factor in the industrialization of America is a huge understatement. The railroad became the pulse of industry and was considered by many the leading factor in the expansion of industry in the United States.While the network of rails was spreading, great financial networks were also developing. Groups of once independent railroad companies were grabbed up and consolidated to form large railroad systems.14 One prime example of this was The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, which were formed by the consolidation of about 200 originally independent lines.The large consolidation brought about the need for new standards and new technology that would help the railroad continue to grow and operate more efficiently. One of the new standards that was needed was a standard gauge for the railroads to operate on. This was needed because the expansion of the rails had now brought the need to move the freight from one line to another. This was not possible because throughout the country there were different gauges. For example in the south the popular gauge was five feet, but on other railroads like the Erie the gauge was six feet. It was decided amongst railroads that a standard must decided on, and that standard became four feet, eight and one half inches.15Another standard that was created and is still used today is standardized time. Until the movement for Standard Time, each town had its own time. There were, for example, thirty-eight different times in the state of Wisconsin alone. Given the amount of different times, the speed of trains, and the distance these trains traveled. This spelled one thing: complete chaos. Eventually the problem was solved in 1883, when the General Time Convention was held by the railroads. At this convention it was decided that the continental United States would be broken up into four standard time zones. People soon found it easy t o set their clocks by railroad time, and thus the railroad standard became a national standard.Other technological innovations that were created to aid the expansion and consolidation of the railways were: the use of steel rails, the automatic coupler, and the air brake. The automatic coupler allowed a coupler to close on impact, but still be able to open from the side of the car. The air brake, invented by George Westinghouse, allowed trains to stop much quicker than they had been able to in the past.Besides bringing about new technology, the consolidation of the railways also brought about the great railroad barons. The railroad had become a likely stop for the strong businessmen interested in making millions by manipulating the rail system. But in gaining such immense power, many railroad builders and consolidators became unethical and ruthless in their business practices. Watered stock, stock market rigging, corrupt rate wars, rebating and labor violence all became part of the n ew railroad picture. 16Railroad barons like Jay Gould James Fisk were masters at these tricks. One example of how money was made was by stock watering, which was the process of increasing the number of shares of a company without adding to the companys assets.17Perhaps one of the greatest of the great railroad barons was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Originally from the steamboat business, Vanderbilt gained control of such railroads as the New York Central and the Erie through ruthless business practices. A prime example of Vanderbilts ruthless practices is how he obtained control over the New York Central Railroad. Vanderbilt was frustrated with the current managers of the New York Central because they often bypassed his railroad when sending freight into New York City. So, Vanderbilt simply stopped shipping their freight and passengers one day. The New York Central stock rapidly began to drop on Wall Street because of Vanderbilts actions. Seeing that the stock was now cheap, Van derbilt began buy up the stock while it was cheap, and the company eventually fell into his hands.18 But practices like this could only go on for so long.The railroads activities had become too corrupt for most people and were beginning to become a financial burden for many farmers and business owners. Business owners and farmers began to resent the railroad and decided that something must be done. Taking the initiative was a group called the Patrons of Husbandry, popularly known as the Grange. The Grange was originally formed as a social group to bring farmers out of the isolation of their farmhouses.19 They had picnics, suppers, and other events, that well frequently held at the local Grange Hall. However, as railroad abuse increased the group shifted from entertainment purposes to more political purposes.The Grangers bonded together to establish many things that helped farmers, but their primary purpose eventually became to bring reform to the railroads.20 The Grangers quickly gr ew in size and gained enough power to elect people free of railroad influence, in the state legislatures. They pushed for new laws that would regulate the railroads monopolies, and eventually succeeded. But the Grangers success only came at the state level through what were called Granger laws. Even though these laws were aimed to regulate monopolies, though such things as freight and passenger rates, they were easily evaded by the railroads. However, some progress had been won. The nation was beginning to shift from an attitude of laissez-faire capitalism to a more progressive state of mind.One of the biggest things people learned from the Granger laws was that reform of the railroads was going to have to take place on a national level. In 1885, a Senate committee conducted an investigation of railroad business practices. The final report from the committee listed the familiar abuses of the railroads, such as watered stock and unreasonably high rates. This investigation made it cle ar that Federal Government must do something and in 1887 it did. The Interstate Commerce Act, in language that was perhaps deliberately vague, required that all interstate rates be reasonable and just and prohibited the familiar competitive practices of rebates, drawbacks, and pools.21 The act also required that the railroad publish their rate schedules and file them with the government. An Interstate Commerce Commission was created to administer the act and enforce it. The success of the Interstate Commerce Act was short lived and was easily evaded because of its loose wording.22 In 1890 the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it too failed in regulating the railroads because of loose wording.23The move for railroad regulation was ultimately lost until the arrival of Theodore Roosevelt and a strong Progressive movement. Roosevelt considered railroad regulation to be a major issue and strongly moved for the greater empowerment of the Interstate Commerce Commission. His wish was gr anted in 1906 when the Hepburn Act was passed. The Hepburn Act greatly extended the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It also abolished the granting of passes and made the laws against rebates stronger.24 Following the Hepburn Act, were more and more laws aimed at regulating therailroads. As the new regulations went into effect, the railroad slowly began to slip down hill. But concern with the regulations was turned away from with the arrival of the First World War.Many problems faced the railroads as America entered World War I in 1917. One was the increase of rail traffic caused by the war. The railroads became very busy and subsequently operating cost rose. The railroads began to lose money due to the Interstate Commerce Commissions hold on the rates.25 Another problem that faced the railroads during World War I was that of management. Railroad executives found it very difficult to operate their rail lines together during the war. The creation of a railroad War Board w as an attempt to help the situation, but it did not work very well. Eventually it was decided by the government that they must take over, so an act was passed that allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to control the movement, distribution, and exchange of railroad cars. This too failed because the commission was inept in exercising its authority. Given all the failed attempts, the government decided in 1918 to take complete control of the railroad.26 The government remained in charge of the railroad until the Transportation Act of 1920, which called for their return to private management.The future was not bright for the railroads: ever since the arrival of the First World War the railroads had experienced a general decline. This was due mostly to the development of new types of transportation. Millions now owned Henry Fords model T automobile, and various other cars.27 The twenties brought the arrival of motorbuses, which also took away from the railroads business. Other new forms of transportation, such as trucks and airplanes, also took their toll on the business of the railway. So, as the nation was roaring through the Twenties and heading for the Great Depression, the railroad was becoming ever increasingly a thing of the past.If there is to be an a lasting lesson from the history of the railroads from 1865-1929 it is that major industrial innovations can only live an unregulated life for so long. The United Stated was a booming country experiencing wide spread industrialization. The railroad was an essential part of this boom, but railroads had to change just as the to country had to change. The free going attitude of laissez-faire can only last so long in a country where equality and fairness before the law are valued. The railroads fully rode the first wave of industrialization and faded into the background when their time had come. The significance of the railroad will probably never be fully realized, but their impact will always be felt.

Pneumonia Dq question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pneumonia Dq question - Assignment Example The predisposing factors for mucormycosis are kartoacidosis, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, solid tumors, and renal failure. Pulmonary mucormycosis generally takes place inhaling the fungal sporangiospores. The medical interventions for treating mucormycosis involve 3-pronged integration of surgical and medical approaches, together with addressing predisposing underlying conditions (Spellberg & Edwards, 2012). 2. Some laboratory test values are abnormal. The pH value is 7.5 and this figure is high. The high pH values are abnormal and are mainly experienced among patients with high blood pressure (Kontoyiannis & Lewis, 2013). PaO2 is also abnormally low at 59mmHg. This illustrates a condition that is common among patients having pheumonia. 3. Three treatments are applied in patients with pulmonary mucormycosis. The treatments are; hyperbaric oxygen therapy, surgery and step down therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy applies high concentration of oxygen, which hinders the development of mucorales in vitro. Surgery is also a treatment option. Sinus lesions are very significant and should be done with minimal delay, due to the aggressive characteristic of the mucor infection. Step down therapy entails treatment of parenteral lipid amphotericin B. The treatment is antifungal. The medications involve usage of antifungal agents. Classic antibiotics like echinocandins are commonly used. Amphotericin B is also applied as liposomal formulations, with the aim of minimizing toxicity (Bitar & Van,

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis Essay

Business Schools and Responsibility for Preventing Financial Crisis - Essay Example are currently facing. But it has been argued by several observers that the business schools have failed to provide preventive measures for current global financial crises. These observers have argued that lack of relevance of these business schools, showing unethical behaviour of these business schools and creating negative impacts on the people and firms or business organisations are creating barriers for providing preventive measures in favour of prevention of current financial crises. Many observers have argued that managers after getting passed out from the best business schools do the same job in banking sectors or in the share markets which can be done by people having no background of studying in business schools (Canals, 2009, pp.42-43). These managers are adding nothing new in these sectors. Business schools bear a certain responsibility for (not preventing) the current financial crisis. Nature of current financial crises: Almost all the economies of the world are facing pro blems in regard to their economic growth process due to the prevalence of financial crises that these economies are facing mainly since 2006-07. ... These are resulting in further decline in global income and hence decline in people’s purchasing power. According to many researchers, including Noble laureate Paul Krugman, these global financial crises are results of poor and ineffective banking and financial system of the developed economies of the world like European economies and mainly American economy. According to Paul Krugman the banking and financial system of these economies has been largely dependent upon the free market forces. These banking and financial systems had no control over the funds or assets which are circulating in the global economy. They became more and more concerned about creating new funds and hence they have started to provide more and more loans to people and business organisations. But when one defaulter defaults to pay his loan, the entire system collapsed due to the fact that the structure of providing loans was dependent on multiple layers. When one lower level of layer collapsed, the entire structure first became unstable and then it collapsed. But the most notable impact has been realised when there occurred a significant reduction in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the major global economies of the world, mainly in the European countries. Between 2009 and 2010 rate of fall of GDP in the countries of the European Union has been estimated as 4%. This high rate of fall of GDP forces many countries of the European Union, such as Greece, Portugal, Italy and Spain, to take loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. These nations are also forced by these international organisations to curb down their public spending on different goods and services, including production and consumption expenditures. In this context these countries cut down

Diversity management programs Essay Example for Free

Diversity management programs Essay Diversity in the workplace is an important aspect of the workplace, which if not followed, could lead to a society that doesn’t have respect for different cultures. It is important to develop diversity management programs, were aspects of diversity such as religion, different cultures due to outsourcing, age, women and single parents, disabled team members, flexible work hours, are discussed which will lead to redesigning jobs to better fit the individual. When developing a conceptual framework for such programs to be implemented, it is important to view how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected other countries around the world besides America. According to Begum (2005), social care organizations in the United Kingdom are affected greatly by lack of diversity amongst there staff. Information, in the United Kingdom, is not distributed fairly to the population, is distributed on a socio economic basis. It is important for social care organizations to become diverse in their workforce, if they are to embody the essence of the communities that they serve. Studies have indicated that gender and culture diversity create barriers to effective interactions and hinder employee performance (Managerial Issues, 2000). When outlining a possible course of action to take when implementing diversity management programs within employee workforces, we could include information on how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected countries like the United Kingdom. People tend to feel more comfortable working in groups with people who share their ideals and beliefs, which is something I think we are all guilty of at times. I think it is important when outlining the possible courses of action to take when implementing diversity management programs, that employees share their different ideals and beliefs in an open environment. I think that employees sharing their different ideals and beliefs help the workforce grow, and the company they work for as well. Michael Bird (2007), a college professor at De Vry University in South Florida, has implemented a diversity management program in which he has developed a five step program in order to ensure that his team succeeds. Michaels five step program required, these students to one, understand and define diversity, to understand the organizations value and necessities, effectively manage the resistance towards, evaluate our overall teams performance, and last of all use the experiences shared to improve or groups management techniques. Flex management should be implemented in order to ensure that people feel like they are assets to the company, and are taken care of properly. During the development of a conceptual framework for a diversity management program, teambuilding exercises have proven to be the most effective. It is important for the employees to have different cultural backgrounds and different beliefs, in order that they may share those with the corporation in which they work. I think that when different cultures, different peoples with different ideas and beliefs, come together and share their ideas, truly inventive things can take place within the corporations they work in. America is a melting pot of different cultures and beliefs, which is what makes our country unique and truly produces unique individuals, tolerant of other peoples beliefs, with truly innovative ideas. One great way to go about instituting diversity management programs within the workplace would be to organize groups within the workplace that shared similar beliefs, and have them share their beliefs as a whole, and attempt to implement any new ideas obtained. The next step after instituting diversity management programs is to organize employees that share the same ideals, and discuss their shared ideals, and find common ground. In order for the employees participating in a diversity management group to share their ideas and implement them on a level on which they all agree, it is important that the employees learn to work together and respect each others ideals. With a proper management support, workers can have the proper training in order to train our employees to be more culturally sensitive. It is important that management is effective in their approach to dealing with culturally diverse issues. By training our employees and diversity management, they will benefit greatly. Although most of these successful companies the United States show’s significant efforts to include people with disabilities in a diverse workforce, there is still room for improvement. I hope that by implementing this diversity management program within the workplace, policies can be enforced specifying what is meant by diversity, in terms of race or gender, and also provide more information pertaining to those employees that have disabilities. With everybody’s help, we can be certain that we can implement this new diversity management program within the workplace, and that this program will be a success.

The Steps Which America Should Take to Reduce Our Dependence on Foreign

It is important that America should take immediate action to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. If America continues to have a great demand for it, it will create a threat to the country’s economy and national security. There are three primary actions that America might take in order to reduce its dependence on foreign oil: Alaskan oil drilling, off-shore oil drilling, and natural gas drilling. America’s dependence on foreign oil is a threat to its economy. Per minute, America wastes $200,000 and per hour, $13 million by relying on it (Natural Resources Defense Council, p. 1). Gasoline consumption has led to an increase of costs of oil which is passed on to consumers at the pump, through more expensive goods and services, and in a weaker job market and lower stock prices (Natural Resources Defense Council, p. 3). Therefore, if current trends in oil demand and prices continue, economic impacts for the U.S. will intensify. It is possible for America to reduce its dependence on foreign oil, but the petroleum industries and other monopolies have paid Congress to take out the competition (Worthington, p. 1). Legal monopolies are targeting the market effects of foreign oil, which increases profits, while America’s government obliges them. Unfortunately, these de jure monopolies have kept America in a dirty fuel monopoly that has been arranged to terminate its o nly competition to create a government-granted monopoly (Worthington, p. 1). As for the national security, by importing more and more oil each year, there is an increase of demand and a decrease in domestic production. The United States can become more secure by enforcing the work on farms and factories to reduce our thirst for foreign oil (Natural Resources Defens... ...es revenue from the sale of offshore charters and helps win political support for energy and climate legislation (Broder, p. 2). The political response to off-shore drilling is positively approved. The Offshore oil drilling plan is considered to be a new chapter in the nation’s search for an approachable energy policy that can release new areas to oil and gas enlargement. Interior Secretary, Ken Salazar, has said that he hoped to rebalance the nation’s oil and gas policy to block oil exploration beneath virtually all public lands and waters (Broder, p. 3). An option, that was introduced, other than depending on foreign oil and reducing oil imports was the use of biofuels. This can lead to an increase of the purchase of hybrid cars for the motor industry. Off-shore drilling is an appropriate action that can reduce the amount of foreign oil imported by America.

Workplace Analysis of the Psychological Contract

The saying that mutual admiration within the workplace binds the workforce could be a pretext to harmonizing relationships between employees and employers. The mutual admiration could be working both ways of benefits, being beneficial to the result of work and the business endeavor. Thus, mutual admiration of workforce within the organizational setting of a workplace is perceived to tie the bond of commitment, reliability and trust, aside from the legal stipulations in a written contract of employment. However, how a psychological contract does characterize the mutual values of consistency and guaranty between an employee and an employer? This basic question could be examined in the process of understanding the relationships and define the circumstances surrounding the situations in the workplace. This paper will discuss and analyze the psychological contract affecting the workplace, relating several issues being confronted by employees and employers. Defining psychological contract and its effect It would be important first to know what psychological contract is all about. As defined by Psychologists Janet Smithson and Sue Lewis from the Department of Psychology and Speech Pathology at the Manchester Metropolitan University, understanding the â€Å"psychological contract† is referred to as the â€Å"meeting of expectations† where both employee and employer aspires (Arygris 1960; in Price, Munden & Solley 1962; in Smithson & Lewis 2003: pp. 1-2). In layman’s definition, â€Å"meeting of expectations† could be exemplified by the performance of the employee towards work which is being expected by the employer to produce a quality, efficient and effective result. On the other hand, it is for the employer to provide the necessary wage and benefits, compensating the good result of performance of the employee. However, without meeting neither one nor any of the expectations could breach and defeat mutual concern. In which case, one of the results could be a defiance and conflict of interests, wherein work and labor related issues become a dilemma in the workplace. Psychological contract in contemporary working environment With the rapidly increasing growth in numbers and sizes of profitable organizations, human resource management experts and scholars perceive the development of a â€Å"standardized† labor policy and procedures in workforce deployment. Correlated to this perception is the indicated inclination of management leadership to eventually acknowledge the reform through labor treaties, specifically in recognizing the collective bargaining agreement with labor unions. However, â€Å"meeting of expectations† may still be a â€Å"one-sided† concern of the employer’s management due relevance of emerging diversified industries that may not totally materialize the â€Å"inclination† to reform the culture in a workplace. Kheeran Dharmawardena (2008) in his journal entitled: ‘The Changing Nature of the Psychological Contract and its Impact on Modern Organizations’, has examined the relevance of psychological contract from the early studies of several organizational experts. Dharmawardena synthesized the findings that scarcity of employment and security of tenure patterns the good performance of employees (Bergmann et. al. 2001; in Lester & Kickul 2001; in Dharmawardena 2008: pp. 1-7). It may be analyzed that causal to the shortage of employment opportunities, the workforce retains the â€Å"showmanship† of performance, aspiring to achieve â€Å"job security† or long tenure of employment. The aspiration itself relinquish the â€Å"no-no attitude†, wherein retaining good performance in the distinction of skills and acquirement of further learning from the workplace extends the â€Å"systems thinking† as a psychological contract to upholding the need of being employed. Acknowledging the above analyses has related the perception of Cyril van de Ven, (2004) who viewed that the intensive diversified industrial trends increases the effects of unpredictable organizational change. Considering the unpredictability, most contemporary employers are decisive in achieving the sustainability of their organizations (especially the businesses that rely in the global supply chain) by acquiring the best possible workforce, workplace and market (Rousseau 1995; in Shore & Tetrick 1994; in van de Ven 2004: pp. 1-11). It shows that this typical ambition of contemporary employers is relative to â€Å"systems thinking† of the employees, having the psychological contract to securing the profitability and existent ability to do business. In sum, the mutual concern of employee and employer attributes the psychological contract of sustaining the interest, in which narrates the desire or aspirations of the employment to co-exist in a secured and sustained working environment. Psychological contract and workplace issues This topical discussion features the subject matter pertaining to psychological contract and workplace issues. As an overview, the mutual aspect in sustaining overall organizational performance signifies the â€Å"oneness or belongingness† of membership to the organizational objective, referring to members and leadership. However, the situation of dissatisfaction and question of confidence becomes the common issue that is dealt with, specifically in employee and employer relationship. Janice Anna Knights and Barbara Jean Kennedy (2005), in their journal ‘Psychological Contract Violation: Impacts on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Among Australian Senior Public Servants’, has cited the finding that dissatisfaction and loss of confidence are perennial issues dreadfully affecting the psychological contract. According to Knights and Kennedy, the common violation to the value of satisfaction is being dismayed by the fact that what has been verbally promised is contradicted by lies. This can be exemplified by the failure of the organizational leadership in fulfilling the promise to the membership. Reflective of Knight’s and Kennedy’s ascription to psychological contract on that particular case of unfulfilled promises may not only result dissatisfaction or disappointment but a deliberate disparity that may lead to organizational collapse. It may also relate the situation in a workplace where the employees were not able to achieve the promised benefits and due compensation of labor, in which the psychological contract to expect or aspire the viability of employment has failed. In most cases of labor disputes, the unfulfilled delivery of legally or lawfully mandated wages and benefits is claimed to violate the laborer’s rights. The violation may in itself affect the psychological contract of the employee, being unsecured or unguaranteed to achieve the source of livelihood. Therefore, psychological contract extends the paranoia of defeated and unfulfilled envisioning for a beneficial workplace. In Cantisano et al. ’s (2007) journal, entitled: ‘Social Comparison and Perceived Breach of Psychological Contract: Their Effects on Burnout in a Multigroup Analysis’, has documented the prevalence of gross labor violations. Based on the exhibited data from the conducted study research, the responses of respondents ranging from lower-income to medium-income labor forces or employees suffer from â€Å"breach of psychological contract†. To cite, employer denial to providing the necessary and just compensation [as required by law] infringe the common aspiration of the workforce to obtain the reasonable share of labor. As further cited, the effect on the â€Å"breach of psychological contract† has indicated the respondent’s extreme anxiety, such as (1) negative social judgment referring to employee-employer relationship, (2) emotionally exhausted for being violated and abused, (3) feeling of cynicism or skeptic that employers are exploitative, and (4) loss of self confidence and esteem (Van der Zee et al. 2000; in Cantisano et al. 007: p. 125). Empowering psychological contract In relation to the previous discussions, Brian P. Niehoff and Robert J. Paul (2001) of the electronic magazine Review of Business have proposed the enabling of policies that may be supplemented to the existing labor laws. Accordingly, the 2001 data of incidence in committing labor-related violations has remarkably increased to an alarming 33,000 cases of labor malpractice pending before the investigation or proper promulgation of the National Labor Relations Board which piled up in ten years from 1991 (Niehoff & Paul 2001: pp. -2). Niehoff and Paul (2001) have emphasized that â€Å"loose promises† in the workplace in order to encourage or attract the attention of the workforce. It may validate the negative thinking [of the already cynical employees] that employment is no longer beneficial and insensible to the aspirations of the workforce to gain social equity and equal treatment of labor. As cited, the disagreement point out to unreciprocated or unequalled performance of the employers to maintain the tenure of employment and sustainable income sourcing (Niehoff & Paul 2001: pp. 3-4). Indicative of Neihoff and Paul’s proposal could harness the psychological contract within the workplace. Upholding the â€Å"sensitivity† of the employer would mean to fulfill the promise by granting the just compensation and rectify indiscriminate treatment, and abdicate the flawed promises. As cited, it may not only the conflict within the workplace that shall be settled but the whole process of the system, wherein workforce may only be survived by their â€Å"grim determination†, and the remainder of â€Å"self-belief† that contemplating on the issue could be the only way to obtain the psychological contract. However, the â€Å"culture of deceit† could be permanent or entangled in the protectionist character of employers, obviously protecting the business interest (Neihoff & Paul 2001: pp. 3-4). Empowering the psychological contract can be objectively described in the organizational life of Pret a Manger, a leading sandwich biscuit company in the United Kingdom. In a contributed article of Psychologist Michael Wellin which was recently published by the electronic magazine Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the SPG Media Limited, it quoted that: growing numbers of businesses apply the psychological contract convergent to forge organizational relationship between employees, the management and the company itself†. Dr. Wellin pointed out that the â€Å"trade secret† of Pret a Manger is the continuing openness of thoughts and understanding the situation, character and culture of the organization, where employees and employers are aware and much sensitive in dealing with the issues that relates the psychological contract. Dr. Wellin has found the strong importance of organizational values of Pret a Manger in dealing with the â€Å"mutuality of efforts† of both employees and employers. As cited, Pret a Manger has developed the organizational expectations by and between the employees and the management, such as follows in bulleted list below (Wellin 2008; in SPG Media Limited 2008: pp. 1-2): Management expectation on employee’s attitude towards work †¢ Sensible hard work; †¢ Prudently hilarious and easy to please; †¢ Have the benefit of good life; †¢ Work early to leave early. Employee’s expectation from Pret a Manger management †¢ Fairly compensated according to individual performance and position; †¢ Dynamic working environment of diverse workforce and skills; †¢ Provide development-education and skills training; Promotion of managers among the internal regular employees. Based on the findings on empowering the psychological contract, it appears that retaining the â€Å"mutuality of efforts†, referring to meeting the expectations of employees and employers, could paved the way towards achieving a dynamic and reliable collaboration or synergy in the workplace. This extends the analysis that fulfilling the psychological contract of the workforce systematizes and mobilizes their natural desires to sustain the viable means of the workplace, in which therefore meeting the expectations or objectives of the leadership at a judicious manner. It may also attribute the perception that the sensibility of an employer in upholding the employees expectations [as a psychological contract] could be considered as a social, moral and civic responsibility by promoting the rights and welfare of the labor force, wherein a more beneficial return will impart to the invested cost of values and as bonus to the margins of business profit. To further validate the analysis, it points out the situation that psychological contract eventually changes according to socio-economic, socio-cultural and socio-political changes. This can be exemplified by the previous discussions on the development of labor forces and markets that have been attributed by the rapidly changing business and policy environment as a result of â€Å"social diversification of industries†, keeping abreast at the global landscape of production and supply of goods. In short, psychological contract emerges in the â€Å"social and economic status† of the labor force. As cited, psychological contract always retains in the unstable or stable economic and political condition which reciprocate a particular situation (Pascale 1997; in Sharpe 2001). This can be exemplified by the prevailing global economic recession, in which the downturn of economies of highly developed and rich countries [like the US and some European countries] affects the domestic economies of undeveloped countries as a result of depleted purchasing power that as well decline the demand for labor market. Thus, the virtual effect of economic crises affects the â€Å"systems thinking† of the employees in a particular firm that may at anytime declare a bankruptcy and closes shop. The psychological contract on the expected security of tenure in employment would be at the brink of eventual loss. It may be further analyzed that workplace is an â€Å"economic-driven† organization that exist and operate its venture within a calculated business risks. The only dynamism could be indicated by feasibility studies along with planning and market testing. In this particular condition, unpredictability and uncertainty of employment may pattern the psychological contract of workforce in a workplace. Findings and conclusion This paper has found that psychological contract is characterized by the â€Å"social and economic values† pertaining to the mutual efforts and benefits of an employee and employer. In other words, there must be co-existing endeavor, agreements and appreciation to making effective, reliable and congruent the achievement of requirements and sharing of needs. However, the findings may have only analyzed the situational perception of a workplace, in which may needing the variations of reconsidering the overall â€Å"societal conditions†. What has then highlighted in the result of examining and analyzing the empirical studies derived and depicted in this paper is the fact that psychological contract can only be achieved by a consistent and truthful fulfillment of expectations, reassuring mutual efforts of employee and employer. It may be then concluded that psychological contract can be sustained by making productive the economic condition of every countries, good governance and the advancement of policy support on workforce and workplace issues. Thus, psychological contract attributes the achievement of an economically secured family and socially progressive population.